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A block (or infobox, sideblock) is a part of template's page layout used to collect and present a subset of information in your storefront. This can be menu, slider, list of categories, products or simple html code you create and want to add into page layout without hardcode it in the template files.
In the AbanteCart many blocks available: some allow you only move block from one part of the layout page to another, some more flexible and allow you to select data to display or other options.